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Readings on acids, bases and related concepts

• Acid and Bases
• Oxidation and Redox reaction
• Precipitate Reactions

New readings from college level text (LibreText):

• Precipitate reactions
• Talking about Oxides
• Another Redox Reading

Even newer readings from OpenStax:

• 3D Molecular Shapes

Structure of Matter

Building an atom helps us consider the structure of each atom.

Building a molecule is more lined with your current progress. This helps show how atoms form molecules by sharing electrons.

This will allow us to explore the shapes of molecules and discuss the trends.

This model helps us explore different types of an element’s atom. It focuses on the hydrogen atom.

Problem: For each of the following pairs of ions, write the formula of the compound they will form:

(a) Ca²⁺, S²⁻

(b) NH4+,NH4+, SO42−SO42−

(c) Al³⁺, Br⁻

(d) Na⁺, HPO42−HPO42−

(e) Mg²⁺, PO43−

. 

Balance the following equations:

(a) PCl₅(𝑠)+H2O(𝑙)⟶POCl₃(𝑙)+HCl(𝑎𝑞)PCl₅(s)+H₂O(l)⟶POCl₃(l)+HCl(aq)

(b) Cu(𝑠)+HNO₃(𝑎𝑞)⟶Cu(NO₃)₂(𝑎𝑞)+H₂O(𝑙)+NO(𝑔)Cu(s)+HNO₃(aq)⟶Cu(NO₃)₂(aq)+H₂O(l)+NO(g)

(c) H₂(𝑔)+I₂(𝑠)⟶HI(𝑠)H₂(g)+I₂(s)⟶HI(s)

(d) Fe(𝑠)+O₂(𝑔)⟶Fe₂O₃(𝑠)Fe(s)+O₂(g)⟶Fe₂O₃(s)

(e) Na(𝑠)+H₂O(𝑙)⟶NaOH(𝑎𝑞)+H₂(𝑔)Na(s)+H₂O(l)⟶NaOH(aq)+H₂(g)

(f) (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇(𝑠)⟶Cr_2O3(𝑠)+N_{2(𝑔)+H2O(𝑔)(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)⟶Cr2O3(s)+N2(g)+H2O(g)}

(g) P₄(𝑠)+Cl₂(𝑔)⟶PCl₃(𝑙)P₄(s)+Cl₂(g)⟶PCl₃(l)

(h) PtCl₄(𝑠)⟶Pt(𝑠)+Cl₂(𝑔)

Goals for May:

• Atomic Structure: experimental evidence of atomic structure, quantum numbers and energy levels (orbitals), electron configurations, periodic trends
• Molecular Structure, including Lewis structures, three-dimensional molecular shapes, polarity
• Bonding: including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, relationships of bonding to properties and structures; intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole forces, dispersion (London) forces

Stochiometry (traditional chemistry)

Goals for May:

• Mole Concept: including molar mass, Avogadro’s number, empirical and molecular formulas
• Chemical Equations; including the balancing of equations, stoichiometric calculations, percent yield, and limiting reactants

Reaction types

Goals for May:

• Acids and Bases: including Brønsted-Lowry theory, strong and weak acids and bases, pH, titrations, indicators
• Oxidation-Reduction: including recognition of oxidation-reduction reactions, combustion, oxidation numbers, use of activity series
• Precipitation: including basic solubility rules

Equilibrium and reaction rates

Goals for May:

• Equilibrium Systems, including factors affecting position of equilibrium (LeChâtelier’s principle) in gaseous and aqueous systems, equilibrium constants, and equilibrium expressions
• Rates of Reactions: including factors affecting reaction rates, potential energy diagrams, activation energies

Thermochemistry

Goals for May:

• Goals for May: Including conservation of energy, calorimetry and specific heats, enthalpy (heat) changes associated with phase changes and chemical reactions, heating and cooling curves, entropy

States of Matter

Goals for May: Gases: including the kinetic molecular theory, gas law relationships, molar volumes, density, and stoichiometry. Liquids and Solids: including intermolecular forces in liquids and solids, types of solids, phase changes, and phase diagrams. Solutions: including molarity and percent by mass concentrations, solution preparation and stoichiometry, factors affecting solubility of solids, liquids, and gases, qualitative aspects of colligative properties

Laboratory Safety & Data

We will focus more on interpreting graphical data, and I will list the boring equipment/measurement/safety questions here at some point.

Goals for May: Including knowledge of laboratory equipment, measurements, procedures, observations, safety, calculations, data analysis, interpretation of graphical data, drawing conclusions from observations and data